Java SPI机制

汤晔飞

发布于：2021年4月2日

SPI 全称为 (Service Provider Interface) ，是JDK内置的一种服务提供发现机制。SPI是一种动态替换发现的机制，比如有个接口，想运行时动态的给它添加实现，你只需要添加一个实现。我们经常遇到的就是java.sql.Driver接口，其他不同厂商可以针对同一接口做出不同的实现，mysql和postgresql都有不同的实现提供给用户，而Java的SPI机制可以为某个接口寻找服务实现。

☀1、什么是SPI？

   如上图所示，接口对应的抽象SPI接口；实现方实现SPI接口；调用方依赖SPI接口。

   SPI接口的定义在调用方，在概念上更依赖调用方；组织上位于调用方所在的包中，实现位于独立的包中。

   当服务的提供者提供了一种接口的实现之后，需要在classpath下的META-INF/services/目录里创建一个以服务接口命名的文件，这个文件里的内容就是这个接口的具体的实现类。当其他的程序需要这个服务的时候，就可以通过查找这个jar包（一般都是以jar包做依赖）的META-INF/services/中的配置文件，配置文件中有接口的具体实现类名，可以根据这个类名进行加载实例化，就可以使用该服务了。JDK中查找服务实现的工具类是：java.util.ServiceLoader。

☀2、SPI的用途

    数据库DriverManager、Spring、ConfigurableBeanFactory等都用到了SPI机制，这里以数据库DriverManager为例，看一下其实现的内幕。

    DriverManager是jdbc里管理和注册不同数据库driver的工具类。针对一个数据库，可能会存在着不同的数据库驱动实现。我们在使用特定的驱动实现时，不希望修改现有的代码，而希望通过一个简单的配置就可以达到效果。 在使用mysql驱动的时候，会有一个疑问，DriverManager是怎么获得某确定驱动类的？我们在运用Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")加载mysql驱动后，就会执行其中的静态代码把driver注册到DriverManager中，以便后续的使用。

☀Driver实现

package com.mysql.jdbc;

import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
    public Driver() throws SQLException {
    }

    static {
        try {
            DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
        } catch (SQLException var1) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
        }
    }
}

驱动的类的静态代码块中，调用DriverManager的注册驱动方法new一个自己当参数传给驱动管理器。

☀Mysql DriverManager实现

/**
 * Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
 * jdbc.properties and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
 */
static {
    loadInitialDrivers();
    println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
}

可以看到其内部的静态代码块中有一个loadInitialDrivers方法，loadInitialDrivers用法用到了上文提到的spi工具类ServiceLoader:

private static void loadInitialDrivers() {
        String drivers;
        try {
            drivers = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
                public String run() {
                    return System.getProperty("jdbc.drivers");
                }
            });
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            drivers = null;
        }
        // If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
        // Get all the drivers through the classloader
        // exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
        // ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()

        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
            public Void run() {

                ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
                Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();

                /* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
                 * It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
                 * i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
                 * as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
                 * may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
                 * will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
                 * and load the service.
                 *
                 * Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
                 * if driver not available in classpath but it's
                 * packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
                 */
                try{
                    while(driversIterator.hasNext()) {
                        driversIterator.next();
                    }
                } catch(Throwable t) {
                // Do nothing
                }
                return null;
            }
        });
    println("DriverManager.initialize: jdbc.drivers = " + drivers);

        if (drivers == null || drivers.equals("")) {
            return;
        }
        String[] driversList = drivers.split(":");
        println("number of Drivers:" + driversList.length);
        for (String aDriver : driversList) {
            try {
                println("DriverManager.Initialize: loading " + aDriver);
                Class.forName(aDriver, true,
                        ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                println("DriverManager.Initialize: load failed: " + ex);
            }
        }

先查找jdbc.drivers属性的值，然后通过SPI机制查找驱动

public final class ServiceLoader<S>
    implements Iterable<S>
{

    private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";

private boolean hasNextService() {
            if (nextName != null) {
                return true;
            }
            if (configs == null) {
                try {
                    String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
                    if (loader == null)
                        configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
                    else
                        configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
                } catch (IOException x) {
                    fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
                }
            }
            while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
                if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
                    return false;
                }
                pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
            }
            nextName = pending.next();
            return true;
        }

可以看到加载META-INF/services/ 文件夹下类名为文件名（这里相当于Driver.class.getName()）的资源，然后将其加载到虚拟机。

注释有这么一句“Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.” 意思是加载SPI扫描到的驱动来触发他们的初始化。即触发他们的static代码块

/**
     * Registers the given driver with the {@code DriverManager}.
     * A newly-loaded driver class should call
     * the method {@code registerDriver} to make itself
     * known to the {@code DriverManager}. If the driver is currently
     * registered, no action is taken.
     *
     * @param driver the new JDBC Driver that is to be registered with the
     *               {@code DriverManager}
     * @param da     the {@code DriverAction} implementation to be used when
     *               {@code DriverManager#deregisterDriver} is called
     * @exception SQLException if a database access error occurs
     * @exception NullPointerException if {@code driver} is null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver,
            DriverAction da)
        throws SQLException {

        /* Register the driver if it has not already been added to our list */
        if(driver != null) {
            registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver, da));
        } else {
            // This is for compatibility with the original DriverManager
            throw new NullPointerException();
        }

        println("registerDriver: " + driver);

    }

将自己注册到驱动管理器的驱动列表中

public class DriverManager {


    // List of registered JDBC drivers
    private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();

当获取连接的时候调用驱动管理器的连接方法从列表中获取。

@CallerSensitive
  public static Connection getConnection(String url,
      String user, String password) throws SQLException {
      java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();

      if (user != null) {
          info.put("user", user);
      }
      if (password != null) {
          info.put("password", password);
      }

      return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
  }

private static Connection getConnection(
       String url, java.util.Properties info, Class<?> caller) throws SQLException {
       /*
        * When callerCl is null, we should check the application's
        * (which is invoking this class indirectly)
        * classloader, so that the JDBC driver class outside rt.jar
        * can be loaded from here.
        */
       ClassLoader callerCL = caller != null ? caller.getClassLoader() : null;
       synchronized(DriverManager.class) {
           // synchronize loading of the correct classloader.
           if (callerCL == null) {
               callerCL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
           }
       }

       if(url == null) {
           throw new SQLException("The url cannot be null", "08001");
       }

       println("DriverManager.getConnection(\"" + url + "\")");

       // Walk through the loaded registeredDrivers attempting to make a connection.
       // Remember the first exception that gets raised so we can reraise it.
       SQLException reason = null;

       for(DriverInfo aDriver : registeredDrivers) {
           // If the caller does not have permission to load the driver then
           // skip it.
           if(isDriverAllowed(aDriver.driver, callerCL)) {
               try {
                   println("    trying " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                   Connection con = aDriver.driver.connect(url, info);
                   if (con != null) {
                       // Success!
                       println("getConnection returning " + aDriver.driver.getClass().getName());
                       return (con);
                   }
               } catch (SQLException ex) {
                   if (reason == null) {
                       reason = ex;
                   }
               }

           } else {
               println("    skipping: " + aDriver.getClass().getName());
           }

       }

       // if we got here nobody could connect.
       if (reason != null)    {
           println("getConnection failed: " + reason);
           throw reason;
       }

       println("getConnection: no suitable driver found for "+ url);
       throw new SQLException("No suitable driver found for "+ url, "08001");
   }

private static boolean isDriverAllowed(Driver driver, ClassLoader classLoader) {
        boolean result = false;
        if(driver != null) {
            Class<?> aClass = null;
            try {
                aClass =  Class.forName(driver.getClass().getName(), true, classLoader);
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                result = false;
            }

             result = ( aClass == driver.getClass() ) ? true : false;
        }

        return result;
    }